Resource Library

This resource was compiled by members of the Energy & Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley, in collaboration with the Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. As the Copenhagen negotiations bring worldwide attention to climate change issues, we have drawn on the collective wisdom of leading climate scientists and science journalists to create this list of recommendations, as well as an accompanying set of Tips for Journalists.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure a productive and positive interaction with journalists, effectively conveying your key messages and building lasting relationships in the media landscape.

This Communication and Outreach Strategy outlines the channels and tools to communicate the CAMCA project to its external target audiences and coordinate internal communications. It outlines the communication objectives, relevant stakeholders, and activities and products. It is intended as a guiding document for all CAMCA partners and is designed to be flexible, allowing communications to evolve and build on the programme findings throughout its 4-year duration (2022- 2025).

The outreach activities aim to maximise the communication of the programme and its outcomes to the identified target user groups in languages and formats that successfully connect with the audiences. The programme will use the most suitable channels for communicating with identified stakeholders. This includes both traditional methods (such as print), as well as state-of-the-art and innovative communication tools and products. The visual profile and branding supports the programme’s visibility and facilitates different components of the programme to be easily recognized as part of the overall programme.

The CAMCA Comms plan in Excel format, continuously updated

Climate Crowd is a bottom-up, community- driven initiative. Working with communities and local organizations in more than 30 countries, we collect data on climate impacts on communities, analyze the data, present the data back to the communities, and work with them to develop, fund, and implement on-the- ground solutions that help people and nature adapt to a changing climate.

Climate Crowd is a bottom-up, community-driven initiative that helps people adapt to climate change in harmony with nature. WWF works with communities and local organizations to collect data on how climate change is impacting lives and livelihoods, presents synthesized data back to the communities, and works with them to develop, fund and implement on- the-ground solutions that meet their expressed adaptation needs while reducing pressure on nature and natural resources. This report summarizes what was learned from 96 interviews with key informants (17 female, 79 male) in 11 low-elevation, lake-adjacent communities (74 interviews) and 1 high-elevation, mountainous community (22 interviews) in Kyrgyzstan. Interviews were conducted by the Ilbirs Foundation and the CAMP Alatoo Public Foundation staff in 2022 and 2023.

Climate Crowd is a bottom-up, community-driven initiative that helps people adapt to climate change in harmony with nature. WWF works with communities and local organizations to collect data on how climate change is impacting lives and livelihoods, presents synthesized data back to the communities, and works with them to develop, fund and implement on-the-ground solutions that meet their expressed adaptation needs while reducing pressure on nature and natural resources. This report summarizes what was learned from 77 interviews with key informants (32 female, 45 male) in various communities in south-eastern Kazakhstan.

Many of the world’s most iconic species migrate as part of their life-cycles: whales, dolphins and marine turtles; elephants, large carnivores and antelopes; and a whole range of birds. Migration is key to the survival of these species; they are finely adapted to specific habitats that change with the seasons. It has been known for some time that climate change has the potential to adversely impact migratory species. This new review presents a summary of recent scientific evidence that indicates that the impacts of climate change are being felt by migratory species now. The review finds that these impacts could have catastrophic implications for many migratory species. These impacts are both to the habitats that migratory species rely on for their survival, and to the phenomenon of migration itself. Ecological changes linked to climate change are already having an impact on the survival of migratory species. For example, wildfires and extreme weather events have led to the destruction of important habitats. Significant changes in the distribution, numbers and overall ecology of migratory species have also already been observed. For example, changes are being reported in patterns of migration, including the routes used, and in the timing of the migration. These impacts on migratory species have the potential to disrupt ecosystem functioning and cohesion globally, thereby impacting the services these ecosystems provide to humanity. Migratory species provide many human benefits, including as a source of nutrition, economic development and services such as pollination, seed dispersal and pest control. Migratory species are essential parts of well-functioning ecosystems; hence the conservation of migratory species is an important part of the answer to both the biodiversity crisis and to the climate change crisis. There can be no ‘net zero’ without nature recovery. Through the delivery of nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation, governments can achieve win-win solutions.

There is a growing understanding of the way in which certain species support ecosystem functionality, or provide ecosystem services that deliver nature-based solutions to human challenges such as flooding, pollution or food security. In particular, migratory species play a key role within the ecosystems they utilise due to their temporal presence and ability to connect different ecosystems, often thousands of miles apart. In Part 3 of this review, we carried out a rapid literature review to identify the various ecosystem services migratory species can provide. In particular, we looked at the potential role of these services as nature-based solutions to climate change, as well as the wider benefits they can bring

for people and ecosystems, to help decision makers begin to consider these issues in a cross- cutting and holistic way. This builds on the strategies identified in Part 2 for conserving migratory

species threatened with climate change, through investigating whether migratory species conservation can provide wider mitigation and adaptation benefits for biodiversity and people. Our review suggests that migratory species are particularly important for providing services related to the regulation and maintenance of ecosystems. Migratory bird, bat and insect species were found to be particularly key to pollination, seed dispersal and pest control, whilst large terrestrial and marine mammals, as well as sharks, were important for aiding carbon capture and providing other regulation and maintenance services. Other services related to culture (tourism, recreational activities, symbolic value and natural heritage) and provision (predominantly food) were also identified, though to a lesser extent. The results of the review suggest that conserving migratory species has the potential to improve ecosystem resilience, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change and promote adaptation to increasingly frequent climatic hazards. Therefore, migratory species should be seen not only as ‘victims’ of the climate crisis, but also as a key part of a potential ‘solution’ to tackling the global impacts of climate change.

Whilst the impacts of climate change on natural systems are ubiquitous, they are occurring in a non-uniform manner across time and space. These complexities mean that developing conservation programmes to help mitigate climate change impacts on migratory species, which can span extensive geographical regions and habitat types, as well as crossing jurisdictional borders, is particularly challenging in comparison to the design of programmes for resident species. Part 2 of this review focusses on describing interventions that have been made to date to conserve migratory species in the context of climate change, and on how indicators can be used for monitoring climate change impacts. Through a review of the latest scientific literature, we discovered that although there are an increasing number of examples of conservation efforts promoting adaptation to climate change, there is limited documentation of the full extent to which this is taking place, and virtually no evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptation measures. Drawing on the articles we identified, however, we have been able to outline key considerations for the conservation of migratory species, and provide examples of studies that have demonstrated these. Foremost amongst these considerations is that, to maximise effectiveness and value for money, conservation interventions should, as far as possible, be based on robust evidence; furthermore, ongoing monitoring and re-evaluation is critical to the success of any conservation programme. This is especially true in a multi-species context where (1) the drivers may be indirect and interact with each other, and (2) the consequences of conservation actions might be conflicting for different taxonomic groups. This report thus proposes some additional steps to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Framework for Action, including structured monitoring prior to implementing actions, followed by ongoing monitoring and evaluation of adaptation actions so that they can be adjusted as part of an adaptive management framework. One mechanism by which change can be monitored is through the use of indicators, and Part 2 of this review also considers the potential to develop ecological indicators of the impacts of climate change on migratory species, building on the evidence for impacts identified in Part 1. We conducted a rapid assessment of climate change indicators created since 2009 to highlight promising indicators that could be used to assess the climate change impacts on migratory species using the framework set out by Newson et al. (2009). We also discuss the urgent need to identify and test outcome-based indicators of climate change adaptation, to allow the effectiveness of adaptive measures and outcomes to be assessed as part of that monitoring and evaluation framework.

Climate change and migratory species: a review of impacts, conservation actions, indicators and ecosystem services Part 2 – Conserving migratory species in the face of climate change 5

In developing this report, we reviewed in detail a total of 51 articles that describe conservation interventions on CMS-listed (or closely related) species. All CMS taxonomic groups, apart from sharks, were represented, although there were biases towards some taxa (birds, reptiles and mammals) over others (insects, bats and fish). The scale of conservation interventions ranged from the broad designation of protected areas (that can benefit an extensive suite of species and habitats), to the management of particular habitats (e.g. restoration of coastal dunes for migratory birds), and fine-scale interventions to manage individuals (e.g. shading turtle nests). Only 23% of the studies involved more than one jurisdiction, despite the fact that all species considered in the review move through multiple countries during migration. To provide protection through their annual cycle, species require a coherent and interconnected network of passage and stopover sites along their migratory routes, in addition to maintaining habitats on their breeding and wintering grounds. A combination of regional (multi-national) and local (site-specific) conservation actions will be required to achieve this. The establishment of effective networks of protected areas for migratory species, that span key migratory pathways, should be a high priority, necessitating ongoing collaboration among nations. Recognising, and accounting for, the extent of climate-induced range shifts will be critical to the continued efficacy of designating protected areas, in all ecosystems. If based on robust evidence, conservation management interventions at key points in the annual cycle can have a relatively high probability of efficacy in increasing resilience to specific climate change impacts. However, conservation programmes often involve trade-offs and conflicts, as well as synergies and opportunities, between multiple conservation and climate change mitigation

programmes (explored in detail in Part 3 of this review). These considerations include the socio- economic and cultural well-being of local communities, the conservation of multiple species

and habitats, and developments aimed at mitigating the ongoing impacts of climate change. Care should thus be taken to account for these complications when implementing conservation programmes and monitoring the consequences of adaptation actions on those multiple objectives. Indicators of climate change impacts can assist in monitoring climate change impacts across species and the effectiveness of conservation interventions. However, further work is required to identify the most appropriate indicators for each region.